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Afroz, R (2020) Developing a low-carbon architecture pedagogy in Bangladesh. Buildings and Cities, 1(01), 637–49.

Andersen, C E, Kanafani, K, Zimmermann, R K, Rasmussen, F N and Birgisdóttir, H (2020) Comparison of GHG emissions from circular and conventional building components. Buildings and Cities, 1(01), 379–92.

Anderson, J and Moncaster, A (2020) Embodied carbon of concrete in buildings, Part 1: analysis of published EPD. Buildings and Cities, 1(01), 198–217.

Axon, S and Morrissey, J (2020) Just energy transitions? Social inequities, vulnerabilities and unintended consequences. Buildings and Cities, 1(01), 393–411.

Baborska-Narozny, M, Szulgowska-Zgrzywa, M, Mokrzecka, M, Chmielewska, A, Fidorow-Kaprawy, N, Stefanowicz, E, Piechurski, K and Laska, M (2020) Climate justice: air quality and transitions from solid fuel heating. Buildings and Cities, 1(01), 120–40.

Balouktsi, M (2020) Carbon metrics for cities: production and consumption implications for policies. Buildings and Cities, 1(01), 233–59.

Bordass, B (2020) Metrics for energy performance in operation: the fallacy of single indicators. Buildings and Cities, 1(01), 260–76.

Clarke, L, Sahin-Dikmen, M and Winch, C (2020) Transforming vocational education and training for nearly zero-energy building. Buildings and Cities, 1(01), 650–61.

Crawley, J, McKenna, E, Gori, V and Oreszczyn, T (2020) Creating Domestic Building Thermal Performance Ratings Using Smart Meter Data. Buildings and Cities, 1(01), 1–13.

Fawcett, T and Topouzi, M (2020) Residential retrofit in the climate emergency: the role of metrics. Buildings and Cities, 1(01), 475–90.

Francart, N, Höjer, M, Mjörnell, K, Orahim, A S, von Platten, J and Malmqvist, T (2020) Sharing indoor space: stakeholders’ perspectives and energy metrics. Buildings and Cities, 1(01), 70–85.

Frischknecht, R, Alig, M, Nathani, C, Hellmüller, P and Stolz, P (2020) Carbon footprints and reduction requirements: the Swiss real estate sector. Buildings and Cities, 1(01), 325–36.

Grant, E J (2020) Mainstreaming environmental education for architects: the need for basic literacies. Buildings and Cities, 1(01), 538–49.

Green, E, Lannon, S, Patterson, J, Variale, F and Iorwerth, H (2020) Decarbonising the Welsh housing stock: from practice to policy. Buildings and Cities, 1(01), 277–92.

Green, S D and Sergeeva, N (2020) The contested privileging of zero carbon: plausibility, persuasiveness and professionalism. Buildings and Cities, 1(01), 491–503.

Habert, G, Röck, M, Steininger, K, Lupísek, A, Birgisdottir, H, Desing, H, Chandrakumar, C, Pittau, F, Passer, A, Rovers, R, Slavkovic, K, Hollberg, A, Hoxha, E, Jusselme, T, Nault, E, Allacker, K and Lützkendorf, T (2020) Carbon budgets for buildings: harmonising temporal, spatial and sectoral dimensions. Buildings and Cities, 1(01), 429–52.

Hamstead, Z, Coseo, P, AlKhaled, S, Boamah, E F, Hondula, D M, Middel, A and Rajkovich, N (2020) Thermally resilient communities: creating a socio-technical collaborative response to extreme temperatures. Buildings and Cities, 1(01), 218–32.

Hoxha, E, Passer, A, Saade, M R M, Trigaux, D, Shuttleworth, A, Pittau, F, Allacker, K and Habert, G (2020) Biogenic carbon in buildings: a critical overview of LCA methods. Buildings and Cities, 1(01), 504–24.

Killip, G (2020) A reform agenda for UK construction education and practice. Buildings and Cities, 1(01), 525–37.

Klinsky, S and Mavrogianni, A (2020) Climate justice and the built environment. Buildings and Cities, 1(01), 412–28.

Kuittinen, M and Häkkinen, T (2020) Reduced carbon footprints of buildings: new Finnish standards and assessments. Buildings and Cities, 1(01), 182–97.

Lützkendorf, T (2020) The role of carbon metrics in supporting built-environment professionals. Buildings and Cities, 1(01), 676–86.

Lützkendorf, T and Frischknecht, R (2020) (Net-) zero-emission buildings: a typology of terms and definitions. Buildings and Cities, 1(01), 662–75.

  • Type: Journal Article
  • Keywords: buildings; climate neutral; definition; greenhouse gas emissions; life-cycle assessment; net zero; zero emission;
  • ISBN/ISSN: 2632-6655
  • URL: https://doi.org/10.5334/bc.66
  • Abstract:
    Several different definitions of ‘net-zero’ or ‘climate-neutral’ buildings have arisen and are causing confusion. Different approaches quantify the greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions of buildings over their life-cycle. A typology is proposed based on distinctions between absolute and net-zero-emission buildings in relation to operational and full life-cycle approaches. Besides the absolute zero-emission approach, three different net-zero-emission approaches are: (1) a net-balance approach, which includes credits caused by potentially avoided emissions beyond the system boundary provided by exported energy; (2) an offsetting approach, based on the purchase of CO2 certificates; and (3) a technical approach, based on negative-emission technologies. The declaration of the approach chosen will provide clarity when discussing (net/absolute)-zero emission or climate-neutral buildings. Policy relevance The use of suitable terms, definitions, system boundaries as well as calculation and assessment rules is a prerequisite for credibility and transparency. Legal requirements for limiting GHG emissions from buildings and their fulfilment should therefore be formulated in a way that is understandable by both industry professionals and stakeholders with clear rules for documentation and the provision of evidence. This is particularly important for the proof of the political goal to create a climate-neutral building stock. A typology of (net-) zero building approaches is presented that explains their level of ambition, fosters transparency, and reduces misperceptions and misunderstandings.

Mayer, M (2020) Material recovery certification for construction workers. Buildings and Cities, 1(01), 550–64.

Parkin, A, Herrera, M and Coley, D A (2020) Net-zero buildings: when carbon and energy metrics diverge. Buildings and Cities, 1(01), 86–99.

Passe, U (2020) A design workflow for integrating performance into architectural education. Buildings and Cities, 1(01), 565–78.

Passe, U, Dorneich, M, Krejci, C, Koupaei, D M, Marmur, B, Shenk, L, Stonewall, J, Thompson, J and Zhou, Y (2020) An urban modelling framework for climate resilience in low-resource neighbourhoods. Buildings and Cities, 1(01), 453–74.

Patrick, M, Grewal, G, Chelagat, W and Shannon, G (2020) Planetary health justice: feminist approaches to building in rural Kenya. Buildings and Cities, 1(01), 308–24.

Roca-Puigròs, M, Billy, R G, Gerber, A, Wäger, P and Müller, D B (2020) Pathways toward a carbon-neutral Swiss residential building stock. Buildings and Cities, 1(01), 579–93.

Salter, J, Lu, Y, Kim, J C, Kellett, R, Girling, C, Inomata, F and Krahn, A (2020) Iterative ‘what-if’ neighborhood simulation: energy and emissions impacts. Buildings and Cities, 1(01), 293–307.

Schünemann, C, Olfert, A, Schiela, D, Gruhler, K and Ortlepp, R (2020) Mitigation and adaptation in multifamily housing: overheating and climate justice. Buildings and Cities, 1(01), 36–55.

Schiller, G, Gruhler, K and Xie, X (2020) Assessing the efficiency of indoor and outdoor access-related infrastructure. Buildings and Cities, 1(01), 56–69.

Schmidt, M, Crawford, R H and Warren-Myers, G (2020) Integrating life-cycle GHG emissions into a building’s economic evaluation. Buildings and Cities, 1(01), 361–78.

Schoenefeldt, H (2020) Delivery of occupant satisfaction in the House of Commons, 1950–2019. Buildings and Cities, 1(01), 141–63.

Simpson, K, Janda, K B and Owen, A (2020) Preparing ‘middle actors’ to deliver zero-carbon building transitions. Buildings and Cities, 1(01), 610–24.

Srivastava, M (2020) Cooperative learning in design studios: a pedagogy for net-positive performance. Buildings and Cities, 1(01), 594–609.

Steadman, P, Evans, S, Liddiard, R, Godoy-Shimizu, D, Ruyssevelt, P and Humphrey, D (2020) Building stock energy modelling in the UK: the 3DStock method and the London Building Stock Model. Buildings and Cities, 1(01), 100–19.

Steininger, K W, Meyer, L, Nabernegg, S and Kirchengast, G (2020) Sectoral carbon budgets as an evaluation framework for the built environment. Buildings and Cities, 1(01), 337–60.

Stevenson, F and Kwok, A (2020) Mainstreaming zero carbon: lessons for built-environment education and training. Buildings and Cities, 1(01), 687–96.

Tanguy, A, Breton, C, Blanchet, P and Amor, B (2020) Characterising the development trends driving sustainable neighborhoods. Buildings and Cities, 1(01), 164–81.

Waldman, B, Huang, M and Simonen, K (2020) Embodied carbon in construction materials: a framework for quantifying data quality in EPDs. Buildings and Cities, 1(01), 625–36.

Willand, N, Moore, T, Horne, R and Robertson, S (2020) Retrofit Poverty: Socioeconomic Spatial Disparities in Retrofit Subsidies Uptake. Buildings and Cities, 1(01), 14–35.